Hoffheimer on Home of the Brave, Land of the Free: The Star-Spangled Banner's Contested History

Michael H. Hoffheimer, University of Mississippi School of Law, is publishing Home of the Brave, Land of the Free: The Star-Spangled Banner's Contested History in volume 2 of the Nebraska Journal of Advancing Justice (Spring 2026).

This Essay reviews the history of the composition, revision, and reception of The Star-Spangled Banner, It documents how generations of Americans have contested multiple aspects of the song that would become the national anthem from its musical sources to its title, meaning, and standards of performance. Controversies over the song's symbolic value peaked during the struggle to abolish slavery, the movement for civil rights, and protests by athletes taking the knee in response to continuing repression and abuse of African Americans. Drawing on abolitionist literature, the autobiography of Frederick Douglass, songs by Lead Belly, and speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., the Essay shows that the phrase "land of the free" provoked emotional reactions that veered from dismissing the words as hypocritical to embracing them as aspirational.

Download the essay from SSRN at the link.