Schwartz on May 30, 1787 @WisconsinLaw

David S. Schwartz, University of Wisconsin Law School, has published May 30, 1787 as Univ. of Wisconsin Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1801. Here is the abstract.

In Federalist 39, James Madison characterized the proposed Constitution as "partly national, and partly federal." The federalism debates that have dominated constitutional law and politics from the beginning of the republic to the present play out the tensions between, and relative weights of, these "national" and "federal" elements. The history of U.S. constitutional politics is one in which the nationalism of the Philadelphia Convention was rhetorically downplayed in the ratification debates, and then significantly rolled back by erstwhile Anti-Federalists who became ascendant after the election of 1800. The dominance of the Anti-Federalist-influenced Jeffersonian Republican party after 1800 habituated our constitutional order to an ideology of federalism that, to this day, exaggerates the Constitution's original commitment to its "partly federal" character. Our understanding of U.S. federalism and its history is doomed to incompleteness, if not distortion, without a proper account of the evolution the word "federal" in our constitutional order, from its origin as a descriptor of the decentralized Confederation system to a descriptor of today's predominantly centralized national government. This essay offers a first step toward a semantic or etymological history of the word "federal," by describing and analyzing the first significant appearance of the words "national" and "federal" at the outset of the Philadelphia Convention. I argue that, to the Framers, "federal" referred to the Confederation system that they believed was a failure. On the first day of substantive debate "May 30, 1787" the Framers decisively rejected a "federal" constitution in favor of a "national" one. This decision guided their deliberations for the rest of the Convention, only to be swept under the rug by the rhetorical strategy of the pro-ratification "Federalists."

Download the article from SSRN at the link.